Seasons and planting densities interaction on forage production of eight hybrids maize, Ecuador

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the interaction effect of the season and planting densities on the production of eight INIAP corn hybrids. Materials and methods. A research process was conducted in 2013. It was applied a split - split plot design with three replication and Tukey test was used. It was evaluated two planting seasons (28 January and 8 April), they were placed in large plots. Two planting densities (65,500 y 125,000 plants/ha), that were located in the subplots and eight INIAP corn hybrids arranged in the sub- subplots. The evaluated variables were Fresh Matter, Dry Matter, Plant Height and Crude Protein Results. Fresh Matter and Crude Protein productions were influenced by planting seasons. Plant densities affected the production of Fresh Matter, Dry Matter and Plant Height, as well as the interaction season by corn INIAP hybrids. While INIAP corn hybrids showed statistical differences in the production of Fresh, Dry Matter, Plant Height and Crude Protein. The eight INIAP hybrids productions were: Fresh Matter (58.86 ton/ha ±5.19); Dry Matter (21.45 ton/ha ±4.71); Plant Height (2.46 m ±0.16) and Crude Protein (10.6±1.12). Conclusions. The performance showed by hybrids INIAP CML-172, INIAP 6021 and INIAP 551 were very acceptable forage material and could be used for silage purposes. RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la interacción época y densidad de siembra en ocho híbridos de maíz para producción de forraje sobre la obtención de materia fresca MF, seca MS, altura de planta AP y proteína cruda PC. Materiales y métodos. Se empleó un diseño de parcela dos veces dividida con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó el efecto de dos épocas de siembra (28 de enero y el 8 de abril) que se dispusieron en la parcelas grandes, dos densidades de siembra (65.500 y 125.000 plantas/ha) que se ubicaron en las subparcelas y ocho híbridos de maíz INIAP dispuestas en las sub-subparcelas. Las variables evaluadas fueron producción de MF, MS, AP y PC. Resultados. La época de siembra tuvo su influencia sobre la producción de MF y contenido de PC. La densidad de cultivo y época de siembra afectó la producción de MF, MS y AP por híbridos de maíz. Mientras que los híbridos INIAP de maíz mostraron diferencias estadísticas (p<0.001) en la producción de MF, MS, AP y PC. La producción de los ocho híbridos INIAP fue de MF (58.86 Ton/ha ±5.19); MS (21.45 Ton/ha ±4.71); AP (2.46 m±0.16) y PC (10.6±1.12). Conclusiones. Los rendimientos mostrados por los híbridos INIAP CML 172, INIAP 6021 e INIAP 551 son materiales aceptables con relación a las variables evaluadas y pueden ser empleados especialmente para ensilaje

Influence of plants density on productivity of corn for silage in the conditions of depression Jijia – Bahlui

Corn silage is the most efficient way of feeding the animals during the grazing period, with a very high degree of consumability. The success of corn silage cultivation depends largely on the proper choice of hybrid, but also on the pedoclimatic conditions of the crop area. The characteristics and the suitability of the hybrid have an important role in the maize culture for silage, but in order to obtain superior productions from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, the technological elements and their application must be respected. The density of corn crop for silage is considered the most important technological element. All the improvements of the maize crop, the introduction of the most productive maize hybrids, the fertilization, the irrigation, etc., have led to new levels of production, changing each time the optimum plants density. The research was conducted in 2018 in the pedoclimatic conditions corresponding to the Depression Jijia – Bahlui. Three experimental factors were studied, as followed: the influence of plants density, the distance between the rows and the hybrid on the production of dry matter (DM). The obtained results showed that the technological factors (the density of plants and the distance between rows) caused changes in the biomass production, the quantity of dry matter being influenced by the hybrid, as well as the plants density and the distance between rows. As the density of plants per hectare increases, the amount of dry matter decreases thus registering at all three densities, reduced production differences

INTSORMIL 2000 Annual Report

Presently, worldwide, more than 800 million people are hungry and over I billion are desperately poor, and food demand is increasing rapidly. The majority of poor live in rural areas in developing countries and agricultural and food systems development is vital to economic growth; improving environmental quality; strengthening nutrition, health and child survival; improving the status of women; and promoting democratization. It is estimated that by 2000, the number of people living in developing countries will grow from 4.9 billion to 6.8 billion people. More than 1.3 billion people today live on less than one dollar per day. It is estimated that the number of hungry people will exceed one billion by 2020. The global population of underweight children below age five is expected to increase from 193 million in year 2000 to over 200 million in year 2020. Increased production of cereals, which are crucial sources of food energy and other nutrients, is necessary to reduce world hunger. Sorghum and millet are two major cereal grains, particularly in semi-arid regions of the world. In 1999,65.8 million metric tons (MT) of sorghum were produced worldwide, of which 19.7 million MT were produced in Africa, mainly for direct consumption by humans, and 14.7 million MT were produced in the United States, mainlyfor livestock feed to produce meat for human consumption. In the crop year 1997-1998, the United States exported 5.3 million MT of grain sorghum mainly for livestock feed, and in 1998, U.S. grain sorghum exports were worth $531 million. Large areas are planted to sorghum each year. For example, in 1999 sorghum was produced on 44.8 million hectares (ha, or 173,036 square miles, [sq mi]) worldwide, 23 million ha (88,728 sq mi) in Africa, and 3.4 million ha (13,278 sq mi) in the United States. About 500 million people worldwide depend upon sorghum for food, and most of these people are in developing countries where droughts and famine are common occurrences. Clearly, sorghum production and utilization as food and feed are vitally important to developing countries and to the United States

INTSORMIL 2000 Annual Report

Presently, worldwide, more than 800 million people are hungry and over I billion are desperately poor, and food demand is increasing rapidly. The majority of poor live in rural areas in developing countries and agricultural and food systems development is vital to economic growth; improving environmental quality; strengthening nutrition, health and child survival; improving the status of women; and promoting democratization. It is estimated that by 2000, the number of people living in developing countries will grow from 4.9 billion to 6.8 billion people. More than 1.3 billion people today live on less than one dollar per day. It is estimated that the number of hungry people will exceed one billion by 2020. The global population of underweight children below age five is expected to increase from 193 million in year 2000 to over 200 million in year 2020. Increased production of cereals, which are crucial sources of food energy and other nutrients, is necessary to reduce world hunger. Sorghum and millet are two major cereal grains, particularly in semi-arid regions of the world. In 1999,65.8 million metric tons (MT) of sorghum were produced worldwide, of which 19.7 million MT were produced in Africa, mainly for direct consumption by humans, and 14.7 million MT were produced in the United States, mainlyfor livestock feed to produce meat for human consumption. In the crop year 1997-1998, the United States exported 5.3 million MT of grain sorghum mainly for livestock feed, and in 1998, U.S. grain sorghum exports were worth $531 million. Large areas are planted to sorghum each year. For example, in 1999 sorghum was produced on 44.8 million hectares (ha, or 173,036 square miles, [sq mi]) worldwide, 23 million ha (88,728 sq mi) in Africa, and 3.4 million ha (13,278 sq mi) in the United States. About 500 million people worldwide depend upon sorghum for food, and most of these people are in developing countries where droughts and famine are common occurrences. Clearly, sorghum production and utilization as food and feed are vitally important to developing countries and to the United States

INTSORMIL 2007 Annual Report

The 2007 INTSORMIL Six Year Report presents the progress and notable achievements by the Sorghum/Millet CRSP during the period of July 1, 2001 - June 30, 2007. These results are an outcome of partnerships between scientists at seven U.S. Land Grant Universities (Kansas State University, Mississippi State University, Ohio State University, University of Nebraska, Purdue University, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University), scientists of the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at Tifton, Georgia and the National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) and National Universities in nineteen countries in Central America, West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa. Introduction and Program Overview Project Reports Sustainable Plant Protection Systems Agroecology and Biotechnology of Stalk Rot Pathogens of Sorghum and Millet — John F Leslie (KSU 210) Low Input Ecologically Defined Management Strategies for Insect Pests on Sorghum — Henry N Pitre (MSU 205) Striga Biotechnology Development and Technology Transfer — Gebisa Ejeta (PRF 213) Sustainable Management of Insect Pests — Bonnie B Pendleton (WTU 200) Sustainable Production Systems Economic and Sustainability Evaluation of New Technologies in Sorghum and Millet Production in INTSORMIL Priority Countries — John H Sanders (PRF 205) Cropping Systems to Optimize Yield, Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Pearl Millet and Grain Sorghum — Stephen C Mason (UNL 213) Soil and Water Management for Improving Sorghum Production in Eastern Africa — Charles Wortmann and Martha Mamo (UNL 219) Germplasm Enhancement and Conservation Breeding Pearl Millet for Improved Stability, Performance, and Pest Resistance — Jeffrey P Wilson (ARS 206) Breeding Grain Mold Resistance in High Digestibility Sorghum Varieties — Dirk Hays (TAM 230) Development and Enhancement of Sorghum Germplasm with Sustained Tolerance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress — Gebisa Ejeta (PRF 207) Enhancing the Utilization of Grain Sorghum and Pearl Millet through the Improvement of Grain Quality via Genetic and Nutritional Research — Mitch Tuinstra, Joe Hancock, William Rooney and Clint Magill (KSU 220A, KSU 220B, TAM 220C, TAM 220D) Germplasm Enhancement for Resistance to Insects and Improved Efficiency for Sustainable Agriculture Systems — Gary C Peterson (TAM 223) Crop Utilization and Marketing An Evaluation of New Market Development and Marketing Strategies on Sorghum and Millet Farmers\u27 Income in Tanzania and Zambia — Donald Larson and J Mark Erbaugh (OSU 200) Chemical and Physical Aspects of Food and Nutritional Quality of Sorghum and Millet — Bruce R Hamaker (PRF 212) Food and Nutritional Quality of Sorghum and Millet — Lloyd L Rooney (TAM 226) Entrepreneurship and Product Development in East Africa: A Strategy to Promote Increased Use of Sorghum and Millet — David S Jackson (UNL 220) Host Country Program Enhancement Central America — Stephen C Mason Hom of Africa — Gebisa Ejeta Southern Africa — Gary C Peterson West Africa — Bruce R Hamaker Educational Activities Educational Activities Appendices INTSORMIL Sponsored and Co-Sponsored Workshops 1979-2007 Acronym

INTSORMIL 2005 ANNUAL REPORT

The 2005 INTSORMIL Annual Report presents the progress and notable achievements by the SorghumiMillet CRSP during the period of July 1, 2004 - June 30, 2005. These results are an outcome of partnerships between scientists at six U.S. Land Grant Universities (Kansas State University, Mississippi State University, University of Nebraska, Purdue University, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University) and scientists of the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at Tifton, Georgia and National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) and National Universities in nineteen countries in Central America, West Africa, East Africa and Southern Afflca. Agricultural research provides benefits not only to producers of agricultural products but also to processors and consumers of agricultural products. Agricultural research has proven itself continuously in providing improved products of greater quantity and quality, as well as improved health to consumers and broad-based economic growth which goes beyond producers and consumers

INTSORMIL 1999 Annual Report

Presently, worldwide, more than 800 million people do not get enough to eat or have access to a balanced diet to be healthy. At the World Food Summit in 1996, the United States of America (USA) and 185 other countries pledged to reduce the number of malnourished people by one half by 2015. It is shocking that about 33% of preschool children in developing countries will be stunted due to malnutrition by the year 2000. The number of stunted children in Africa alone has increased significantly from 35 million in 1980 to 45 million in 1995 and is predicted to reach 49 million in 2005. Increased production of cereals, which are crucial sources of food energy and other nutrients, is necessary to reduce world hunger. Sorghum and millet are two major cereal grains, particularly in semi-arid regions. In 1999, 65.8 million tons ofsorghum were produced worldwide, of which 19.7 million tons were produced in Africa, mainly for direct consumption by humans, and 14.7 million tons were produced in the USA, mainly for livestock feed to produce meat for human consumption. In the crop year 1997-1998, the USA exported 5.3 million tons of grain sorghum mainly for livestock feed, and in 1998, U.S. grain sorghum exports were worth $531 million. Large areas are planted to sorghum each year. For example, in 1999, sorghum was produced on 44.8 million hectares (ha, or 173,036 square miles, [sq miD worldwide, 23 million ha (88,728 sq mi) in Africa, and 3.4 million ha (13,278 sqmi) in the USA. About 500 million people worldwide depend upon sorghum for food, and most of these people are in developing countries where droughts and famine are common occurrences. Clearly, sorghum production and its utilization as food and feed are vitally important to developing countries and to the USA

INTSORMIL 2003 ANNUAL REPORT

From 1980 to 1999, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the number of food-insecure people in developing countries fell from 920 million to about 800 million, yet in 2003, the International Food Policy Research Institute declared that without significant changes in policies, public investments, and institutions, we simply will not achieve the 1996 World Food Summit goal-reaffirmed at the 2000 Millennium Summit and again last year at the World Food Summit: five years later of reducing the number of our fellow human beings who are food insecure by at least half by no later than 2015. FAO indicates that the number has been decreasing by barely 2.5 million per year over the last eight years. At that rate, we will reach these goals one hundred years late, in 2115. Increased production of cereals, which are crucial sources of food energy and other nutrients, is necessary to reduce world hunger. According to Entering the 21st Century-World Development Report 1999/2000, about 900 million people in almost 100 countries are affected by drought and desertification, and by 2025, that number will double. The population of the world has doubled since 1940, but fresh water use has increased fourfold. Water scarcity is becoming more widespread, with concomitant effects on regional peace and global food security. Nearly all of the 3 billion increase in global population which is expected by 2025 will be in developing countries where water is already scarce. To meet the increasing demand for food in those countries, there is an increasing demand for more efficient production and new ways of utilizing drought-tolerant crops which have a competitive advantage to produce food under conditions of unpredictable and scarce rainfall. As water becomes more precious in the United States, cereals which can produce energy for feed and fuel in drought-prone areas of the country are demonstrating increasingly competitive advantages